This causes the cord to bleed hemorrhage. You can lose your voice. Vocal cord bleeding must be treated right away. You may have tension or pain in your throat while speaking, or feel like your voice box is tired. You may feel a lump in your throat when swallowing. Or you may feel pain when you touch the outside of your throat. If you have a voice change that lasts for a few weeks, your healthcare provider may send you to see an ear, nose, and throat doctor ENT or otolaryngologist.
This doctor will ask you about your symptoms and how long you've had them. They may check your vocal cords and your larynx using certain tests. These may include:. This lets the doctor view the throat. With indirect laryngoscopy, the healthcare provider holds a small mirror at the back of the throat and shines a light on it. With fiber-optic laryngoscopy, a thin, lighted scope laryngoscope is used. The scope is put through your nose down into your throat. Or it is put directly down into your throat.
Laryngeal EMG electromyography. This test measures electrical activity in the throat muscles. A thin needle is put into some of the neck muscles. At the same time, electrodes send signals from the muscles to a computer. This can show nerve problems in the throat. This test uses a strobe light and a video camera to see how the vocal cords are vibrating during speech. Imaging tests. X-rays and MRI can show growths or other tissue problems in the throat.
Treatment for a voice disorder depends on what's causing it. Treatment may include:. Lifestyle changes. Some of these changes may help reduce or stop symptoms.
They can include not yelling or speaking loudly. And resting your voice often if you speak or sing a lot. If you smoke, quitting can also be helpful. Exercises to relax the vocal cords and muscles around them can help in some cases. Warm up the vocal cords before long periods of speaking. Drink fluids to stay hydrated. Speech therapy. Working with a speech-language pathologist can help with certain voice disorders.
Therapy may include exercises and changes in speaking behaviors. Some of these may include timing deep breaths so that they power your speech with adequate breathing. Some voice disorders are caused by a problem that can be treated with medicine.
For instance, antacid medicine may be used for GERD. Or hormone therapy may be used for problems with the thyroid or female hormones. Your doctor can treat muscle spasms in the throat with a shot of botulinum toxin.
In some cases, your doctor can inject fat or other fillers into the vocal cords. This can help them close better. Your doctor can remove some tissue growths. If cancer causes the growths, you may need other treatment. This may include radiation therapy. Other animals have evolved to pay attention to this implicit information and adjust their own behavior accordingly, because doing so can increase their own evolutionary fitness.
Both the signaler and the recipient stand to benefit from the information exchange, because both can avoid a potentially costly fight if they are not equally motivated or able to defend whatever is being contested, such as a territory, a prospective mate, or a source of food.
Spoken language is unique to humans, and it is far more complex than the communication systems of animals such as songbirds, but we too are influenced by nonverbal aspects of speech. The idea that listeners are affected not just by the words we say, but also by how we say them, should come as no surprise: We all can think of instances in which the same words said with different inflections can mean very different things.
What is more surprising is that subtle characteristics of speech—features of which we are hardly aware—can have a significant impact on our perceptions of a person, even in contexts where we might think these perceptions should be irrelevant. Our research explores one such context that is particularly topical in this election season: how vocal traits, specifically voice pitch, can influence our selection of leaders.
All sounds are the result of minute fluctuations in air pressure; speech sounds in particular represent patterned fluctuations that are created when we force air through the vocal tract. The flow of air is modified by the vibration of the vocal folds or vocal cords in our larynx or voice box , as well as by the movement and relative positions of our tongue, jaw, lips, and so forth.
As with the strings of a guitar or piano, when vocal folds are longer and thicker, they tend to vibrate more slowly and so produce a lower-pitched voice, whereas shorter and thinner vocal folds vibrate more quickly and thus produce a higher-pitched voice. The size of the vocal folds is largely determined by the size of the larynx, and their thickness is further influenced by the action of hormones such as testosterone.
The larger the larynx, the longer and thicker the vocal folds and the lower the pitch of the voice. Typical male voices range in pitch from 85 hertz to hertz; typical female voices, from hertz to hertz. Although voice pitch is mostly determined by throat anatomy, a speaker can modulate the pitch of his or her voice.
Her biographer, Charles Moore, has suggested that learning how to modulate the pitch of her voice may have helped Thatcher accelerate her political career. To take an example from a different realm of life, even with extensive vocal training some low-voiced women cannot develop the ability to sing in the soprano musical range, and not all men have the physical ability to sing a bass part. A person can adjust the pitch of his or her speaking voice to some degree, but in most cases the change is minor in comparison with the innate differences of pitch among individuals.
Most of this research is based on experiments in which participants are presented with a forced-choice task, being asked to select which manipulated voice—the higher or the lower one—is more attractive, stronger, younger, or more salient by some other criterion, depending on the question being studied. A benefit of this research design is that the subject is making his or her judgment based solely on voice pitch; the two recordings that the subject is judging are otherwise identical, spoken by the same person and differing only in pitch.
Experiments of this kind reveal a number of important ways in which voice pitch influences how we perceive and interact with one another.
For females, the standard is dichotomous: Women with higher-pitched voices tend to be considered more attractive, whereas those with lower-pitched voices are perceived as more dominant. In an evolutionary sense, then, women with higher voices should be perceived as more attractive, because a high voice is associated with peak fertility on average. By contrast, lower voices in men tend to correlate with higher levels of circulating testosterone in the blood stream, which in turn correlates on average with increased physical and social aggressiveness, as shown in studies by John Archer at the University of Central Lancashire and David Puts at Pennsylvania State University, among others.
One might well suppose that at some early point in human evolution, females perceived these qualities positively because they indicated health, good genetics, and the physical ability to defend a mate and offspring from threats. Research subjects, both male and female, preferred a lower-pitched voice, whether the candidate was female or male. The unmistakable influence of voice pitch on our perception of a speaker suggests that this trait may play a role not only in social interactions but also in how we perceive and select our political leaders.
The first study to test this proposition, conducted by Cara Tigue and her colleagues at McMaster University, consisted of two experiments. In the first, recordings of spoken remarks by nine United States presidents were manipulated digitally to yield higher- and lower-pitched versions of the original.
On average, the subjects voted for the lower-pitched voices 67 percent of the time. In a second experiment, Tigue and colleagues manipulated six novel male voices rather than those of known leaders. The 40 subjects 20 women and 20 men were again presented with pairs of voices and asked to vote for either the higher- or lower-pitched voice of each pair. As in the presidential voices experiment, the subjects preferred candidates with lower-pitched voices; this time the candidates with lower voices were selected 69 percent of the time.
Our own interest in the influence of voice pitch on the selection of leaders represents the meeting point of two lines of investigation that might otherwise seem to have nothing in common: vocal signaling, particularly in birds Anderson and Nowicki , and political behavior Klofstad.
At the same time that Tigue and colleagues were conducting their study, we carried out a similar forced-choice experiment. We then altered those voices digitally, both to slightly raise and to slightly lower the pitch of each.
The resulting gap between the higher- and lower-pitched version of each manipulated voice is equivalent to approximately 40 hertz on a piano, roughly the difference between A3 and C4, or middle C.
Not only did subjects hear only a nonpartisan statement asking for support, but they also received no information as to the leadership role being sought. More specifically, to rule out the possibility that the influence of voice pitch might differ depending on the political office at stake, we did not tell the participants whether they were being asked to vote for a member of Congress, the president of a parent teacher organization PTO , or any other particular position.
We presented subjects with multiple pairs of manipulated voices 10 male and 17 female and asked which voice they would choose from each pair. When we calculated the proportion of votes cast by each subject for the lower voice of each pair, we found that both male and female voters preferred a lower-pitched voice, whether the candidate was male or female; the proportion of votes cast for candidates with lower voices was roughly 60 percent regardless of the sex of either the candidate or the voter.
To begin to answer this question, we conducted another experiment, in which we again asked participants to choose between candidates with lower- or higher-pitched voices, but this time we simultaneously asked which voice of each pair they perceived as sounding stronger, more competent, and older.
It makes sense to ask about perceptions of strength and competence—these are undoubtedly desirable qualities in a leader—but the question about age may need more explanation.
We reasoned that one logical reason for the finding that voters prefer leaders with lower voices is that these candidates are perceived as older, and thus wiser and more experienced. Moreover, research by Joann M. Montepare of Lasell College in Massachusetts and her colleagues shows that speakers with older-sounding voices are perceived as wiser than those with younger-sounding voices.
During our follow-up experiment, in which we asked subjects to choose among candidates as well as to rate them, on the basis of their voices, according to their apparent competence, strength, and age, we found that each of these three perceptions can explain some of the preference for candidates with lower voices.
However, contrary to our prediction that the preference for lower-voiced leaders is driven primarily by a perception that they are older, our results suggested that we prefer leaders with lower voices largely because we see them as stronger and more competent; only secondarily do we prefer to vote for them because we perceive them as older and more experienced. Our perceptual biases for vocal behavior, then, appear to have less to do with attributes such as wisdom or experience than we might consciously hope for in a political leader.
We now have data suggesting that they are. A study conducted by one of us Klofstad of all U. Science News. Story Source: Materials provided by University of Stirling.
ScienceDaily, 29 June University of Stirling. Social status of listener alters our voice. Retrieved November 12, from www. Researchers devised pseudo-words spoken by three voices.
Their aim? To observe how the brain processes this information when it focuses But a recent study finds Now, researchers have found
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