This is true for any catalyst; the reaction rate increases as the concentration of the catalyst is increased. To some extent, this rule holds for all enzymatic reactions. This fact has several practical applications. We sterilize objects by placing them in boiling water, which denatures the enzymes of any bacteria that may be in or on them. We preserve our food by refrigerating or freezing it, which slows enzyme activity.
Because most enzymes are proteins, they are sensitive to changes in the hydrogen ion concentration or pH. Ionizable side groups located in the active site must have a certain charge for the enzyme to bind its substrate. An enzyme exhibits maximum activity over the narrow pH range in which a molecule exists in its properly charged form.
With the notable exception of gastric juice the fluids secreted in the stomach , most body fluids have pH values between 6 and 8. Not surprisingly, most enzymes exhibit optimal activity in this pH range. However, a few enzymes have optimum pH values outside this range. For example, the optimum pH for pepsin, an enzyme that is active in the stomach, is 2.
Initially, an increase in substrate concentration leads to an increase in the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. As the enzyme molecules become saturated with substrate, this increase in reaction rate levels off. The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction increases with an increase in the concentration of an enzyme. At low temperatures, an increase in temperature increases the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Enzymology , Science. Factors That Affects Enzyme Activity. These factors are: 1.
Enzyme Concentration The transient bonds between enzymes and their substrates catalyze the reactions by decreasing the activation energy and stabilizing the transition state. Enzyme Function pH range Optimal pH 1. Trypsin Found in the small intestine, trypsin is another protease that digests proteins.
It is found in all human tissue and is most abundant in the intestine and placenta. Temperature In the same way that pH affects enzymes, temperature also influences the stability of their intramolecular bonds. Thermococcus hydrothermalis Prokaryotic archaea found in the East Pacific hydrothermal vent 5. Halomonas meridiana Gram-negative bacteria found in Antarctica salt lake 7.
Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis Fast-growing bacteria found in antarctic seawater 7. Effector or Inhibitor Many enzymes require non-substrate and non-enzyme molecules to regulate or initiate their catalytic function. In Conclusion All in all, enzymes play a vital role in metabolic responses, shaping how cells and organisms mature and adapt. Boyer R, Concepts in Biochemistry, 3rd edition. Punekar, N S. Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Marini I. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. Sample Preparation for Glycoproteins. In: Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation. Elsevier; Alkaline phosphatase in human, cow and sheep milks: molecular and catalytic properties and metal ion action. Ann Biol Anim Biochim Biophys. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. Front Microbiol. Stability and structural analysis of alpha-amylase from the antarctic psychrophile Alteromonas haloplanctis A Eur J Biochem.
Syst Appl Microbiol. Some like it cold: biocatalysis at low temperatures. Effect of freezing and thawing rates on denaturation of proteins in aqueous solutions. Biotechnol Bioeng. Related Articles.
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